Postponing Cow's Milk May Not Prevent Allergy Jul 13, 2008
Delayed introduction of other food products for more than 7 months also markedly increased the risk of eczema as well as the risk of atopic dermatitis and recurrent wheeze. Excluding infants with early symptoms of eczema and recurrent wheeze "did not essentially change our results," Snijders' team notes in the journal Pediatrics. (MEDLINEplus)
Silencing Of Molecular 'Conversation' May Help Curb Severe Allergies Jul 1, 2008
"High quantities tend to over-activate other immune cells and it's the action of those other cells that can be damaging. High levels of IgE are associated with allergies including asthma, dermatitis and rhinitis.". "It's been known for many years that IL-4 can drive IgE production in humans and mice. Our finding shows that IL-21 also stimulates production of IgE by human B cells, but it does this by using an entirely different pathway.". (Science Daily)
Lawyers urge 'sofa rash' action Jun 27, 2008
Dr Sandra Winhoven, a consultant dermatologist, said: "The substance that's causing the sofa dermatitis outbreak is a fungicide, and this fungicide has a very low vapour point. "So when it gets warm, more of it gets released. " We're concerned that the product recalls which have been undertaken do not identify all the furniture which may have been affected Julia Appleton, solicitor Argos, which has sold about 30,000 of the sofas, carried out an investigation and identified what it believes is... (BBC News -- Health)
Stiefel Labs' acquisition could bring jobs to Greene County plant Jun 27, 2008
Barrier Therapeutics currently markets three pharmaceutical products: Xolegel for seborrheic dermatitis, Vusion ointment for diaper dermatitis and Solag; for solar lentigines. It also is developing other products. (Albany Business Review, NY)
Cats Can Trigger Eczema in Some Infants Jun 25, 2008
Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, begins in the first year of life for 65 percent of the people who have the condition, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases ... There's more on atopic dermatitis at. (Health-Finder)
Stiefel bids on drug company Jun 24, 2008
Barrier has a range of treatments for psoriasis, acne, fungal infections and skin allergies in its pipeline, and products to treat diaper rash and dermatitis already on the market. Alexander "Sandy" Mathes, executive director of the Greene County Industrial Development Agency, welcomed news of the Barrier purchase. (Albany Times Union)
Barrier Therapeutics, Inc. and Stiefel Laboratories, Inc. Sign Definitive Merger Agreement Jun 23, 2008
Barrier Therapeutics currently markets three pharmaceutical products in the United States: Xolegel(r) (ketoconazole, USP) Gel, 2%, for seborrheic dermatitis; Vusion(r) (0 ... 35% white petrolatum) Ointment, for diaper dermatitis complicated by documented candidiasis; and Solage(r) (mequinol 2. (Primezone Releases)
Healthful Hints: If eczema treatment isn’t working, ask about Staph aureus Jun 3, 2008
Staphlococcus aureus bacteria are finally being recognized as a crucial factor in the skin disease called atopic dermatitis, or eczema. Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease that seems to be becoming more common, with the prevalence, or at least diagnosis, either doubling or tripling in industrialized countries in the past three decades ... The strains that grow on atopic dermatitis are not often the ones that cause the bad infections you hear about. (Winona Daily News, MN)
Skin Defects Set Off Alarm With Widespread And Potentially Harmful Effects Jun 2, 2008
In people, TSLP has been shown previously to be involved in atopic dermatitis and in asthma. The mice's skin problems closely resembled atopic dermatitis, a chronic skin irritation experienced by up to a fifth of children in industrialized countries ... Kopan notes that TSLP could be part of the reason that children that have atopic dermatitis also go on to have a high incidence of asthma. (Science Daily)
Regulatory B Cells Exist -- And Pack A Punch May 30, 2008
Regulatory B Cells Exist -- And Pack A Punch. Regulatory B Cells Exist -- And Pack A Punch. (Science Daily)
Preventive Treatment Curbs Eczema Flare-Ups May 30, 2008
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Among adults with eczema, otherwise known as atopic dermatitis, "proactive" long-term treatment with tacrolimus ointment applied twice-weekly safely reduces exacerbations of the condition, European investigators have shown. Conventional "reactive" treatment of atopic dermatitis involves applying anti-inflammatory medication to skin lesions only while they are visible ... Dr. Andreas Wollenberg, from Ludwig-Maximilian Universitat in Munich, Germany, and members of the... (MEDLINEplus)
Treating Infantile Eczema May 28, 2008
Nearly 20% of infants develop Eczema, Dermatitis, and it can be extremely irritating for the infants to have ... No mother wants to worry about skin rashes, inflamed skin and irritation on their baby s body that is caused by Infantile Eczema, Dermatitis ... The most common is Atopic Dermatitis. (Suite101.com)
Novel Breast Radiation Technique Curbs Skin Problems May 28, 2008
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - In women with breast cancer, a radiation technique called intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) reduces the incidence of radiation-induced dermatitis, compared to conventional radiation, research shows. About one third of breast cancer patients develop significant skin reactions after radiation therapy, often due to uneven distribution of radiation to the breast. (MEDLINEplus)
Metagenomics Of Skin Reveals Insights Into The Human Microbiome May 26, 2008
The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the microbial communities of several regions of the body, including skin, where determining the core microbiome is essential to understanding and developing new treatments for skin conditions and diseases such as acne and atopic dermatitis (eczema) ... "We focused this study on the inner elbow to inform future clinical studies of the extremely common inflammatory skin disorder atopic dermatitis, which affects this area of the skin and is... (Science Daily)
P&G, Barrier Therapeutics team on Rx dermatitis kit May 22, 2008
P&G, Barrier Therapeutics team on Rx dermatitis kit - Business Courier of Cincinnati ... P&G, Barrier Therapeutics team on Rx dermatitis kit ... and have signed a deal to combine P&G's Head & Shoulders shampoo in a kit with Barrier's Xolegel dermatitis treatment. (Cincinnati Business Courier, OH)
Moms Heartburn Meds Increase Babys Asthma Risk May 21, 2008
The effect was seen for asthma only, and there was no increased risk for other allergic diseases such as food allergies or atopic dermatitis. This effect was preserved irrespective of the type of acid-blocking drug, time of exposure during pregnancy, and maternal history of allergy, Dr. Yen said. (Newsmax)
Cheaper Earrings More Likely to Contain Nickel May 17, 2008
A new report finds that many pairs of earrings sold for less than $50 by local San Francisco stores and artists contain nickel, which can cause dermatitis on the earlobes and repeated exposure can make treatment difficult ... "In the early 1990s, the European Union Nickel Directive was passed in an effort to decrease the prevalence of nickel sensitization in consumer and occupational products in Europe, with results indicating the directive is working. However, no such regulations exist in the... (Health-Finder)
Army veteran, 73, is given electronic tag May 16, 2008
He plans to ask the courts to remove the tag because it is aggravating his eczema and dermatitis. The restrictions also mean that the pensioner faces missing a regimental remembrance day march in London later this month and a Mass at a church near his home in Bristol on Saturday night. (Telegraph.co.uk)
Health Canada approves "Personalized medicine" for metastatic colorectal cancer May 15, 2008
The clinical manifestations included dermatitis acneiform, pruritus, erythema, rash, skin exfoliation, paronychia, dry skin, and skin fissures. Severe dermatologic toxicities were complicated by infection, including sepsis, in rare cases leading to death, and local abscesses requiring incision and drainage. (Canada Newswire)
Nearly One-third Of All Inexpensive Earrings Examined Tested Positive For Nickel May 14, 2008
Nickel exposure from these earrings is a common cause of dermatitis on the earlobes and repeated exposure can make treatment difficult ... However, no such regulations exist in the United States to limit nickel exposure leaving millions of people at risk for dermatitis from common goods, such as earrings ... He acknowledged that there are some patients with nickel dermatitis who refuse to give up their jewelry, even when they know it is the cause of their condition. (Science Daily)
Speedier Precise Cancer Radiotherapy Now Available May 11, 2008
30, 2007) All women treated with radiation therapy for breast cancer are at risk of developing dermatitis -- a sometimes-painful skin condition caused by radiation as it makes its way through the skin to the. (Oct. (Science Daily)
Medicis ex-execs guilty in marketing case May 2, 2008
U.S. Attorney Eric Melgren said the former employees called the marketing practice "attacking the diaper dermatitis market.". The former employees trained and instructed sales representatives to emphasize the skin product's "spreadability, penetrability and durability" when used to treat diaper rash on infants and toddlers, according to the justice department. (AZCentral -- Business)
Inflammation triggers cell fusions that could protect neurons, Stanford research shows Apr 21, 2008
"Clas noted significantly more heterokaryons than we ever had in the past," said Blau, "from fewer than 10 in an entire animal to several hundred." When the researchers looked more closely, they found that those animals with higher-than-expected numbers of fused cells also had an inflammatory skin condition common to aging laboratory mice called idiopathic ulcerative dermatitis ... The researchers confirmed that the remarkable increase in the numbers of fused cells was related to inflammation by... (EurekAlert!)
Eco-friendly beauty solutions Apr 17, 2008
Frequently they irritate or lead to minor dermatitis. Tourles said there are ways to know if a product contains synthetics and pointed to several indicators. (Courier Publications, ME)
Story City couple changes eating habits due to celiac disease Apr 17, 2008
Craig Kirk, of Story City, eats a piece of gluten-free chocolate crazy cake. Kirk has celiac disease and must modify his diet to accommodate his lifestyle. (Ames Daily Tribune, IA)
Cinderella Cleaning Products Apr 16, 2008
Increases in the incidence of asthma, dermatitis and eczema have left many individuals unable to use modern, chemical-laden cleaners. Safe, Gentle and Effective Natural Cleaning Products. (Suite101.com)
New pan-European collaboration launched into the diagnosis and control of coeliac disease Apr 10, 2008
Coeliac UK, the charity for people with coeliac disease and Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH), is leading on training of healthcare professionals about the disease and new technology. Newcastle University is responsible for the development and delivery of the development of a sensing technology platform in the screening device. (EurekAlert! -- Business News)
Gluten Free Registry LLC Announces GPS Points-of-Interest Downloads of Gluten-Free Friendly Business Locations for Satellite Navigation Systems Apr 9, 2008
It is also linked to skin blisters (dermatitis herpetiformis) and gall bladder disease. Celiac Disease is not age-dependent and may become active at any age. (Yahoo News -- Press Releases)
Barrier Therapeutics Announces Positive Results in Reducing Itch Symptoms With Novel Oral Antihistamine Agent Hivenyl Apr 9, 2008
These results, demonstrating remarkable itch reduction in chronic idiopathic urticaria after only one week of treatment, considered together with previously reported positive clinical efficacy results in atopic dermatitis, demonstrate Hivenyl's potential as a versatile non-sedative, anti-itch agent,'' said Dr. Braham Shroot, Chief Scientific Officer of Barrier Therapeutics ... In January 2007, Barrier reported positive Phase 2a data that indicated Hivenyl significantly reduced itch symptoms... (Primezone Releases)
Operating Room Nurses are Concerned about Complications Associated with Powdered Gloves Apr 8, 2008
(vii) For healthcare workers, the risks of powder-related complications including respiratory symptoms and asthma, as well as hand dermatitis, all lead to latex sensitization, are major concerns. (vii) These all contribute to lost healthcare employee productivity and disability, for which the risk can be significantly decreased with the use of powder-free gloves. (PR Newswire)
Atopic Dermatitis Apr 3, 2008
Please for full text and personal services. Volume 358:1483-1494. (New England Journal of Medicine)
Odor tyrants: Those sensitive to scent fight back Apr 1, 2008
Fragrances were named allergen of the year for 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. And a 2003 study of more than 10,000 mothers and their infants in England found air fresheners, deodorants and aerosols were significantly associated with headaches in moms and earache, vomiting and diarrhea in their babies. (MSNBC -- Terrorism)
Pet Ohana: Flea allergies Mar 28, 2008
A: Atopic dermatitis is an inherited predisposition to develop skin problems from exposure to a variety of common yet harmless substances. These include pollens of weeds, grasses and trees, or house dust mites and mold spores. (Honolulu Star-Bulletin)
Your Pug's Health Mar 25, 2008
Keep his facial folds clean in order to avoid dermatitis, his fur brushed to guard against hot spots, and keep him out of the heat and humidity. Yearly medical visits can help keep him healthy and prolong his life. (Suite101.com)
Does vitamin E help scars heal any faster? Mar 24, 2008
It is also associated with a high incidence of contact dermatitis. The use of vitamin E should, therefore, be discouraged. (Athens Banner-Herald)
Autism and vaccines: What's the link? Mar 22, 2008
Early signs of severe poisoning include fine tremors of extended hands, loss of side vision, slight loss of coordination in the eyes, speech, writing and gait, inability to stand or carry out voluntary movements, occasional muscle atrophy and flexure contractures, generalized myoclonic movements, difficulty under- standing ordinary speech, irritability and bad temper progressing to mania, stupor, coma, mental retardation in children, skin irritation, blisters and dermatitis [173. Other symptoms... (Atlanta Journal-Constitution -- Opinion)
Eating live microorganisms has benefits Mar 22, 2008
The National Institutes of Health website has a page on probiotics stating there is encouraging evidence that they may be useful in treating diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, atopic dermatitis, bladder cancer and other diseases. And you re scratching your head wondering just what a probiotic is. (Corvallis Gazette Times, OR)
Research promising for cystic fibrosis Mar 19, 2008
But the current availability of antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen that can cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue infections, bacteremia, bone and joint infections, gastrointestinal infections and a variety of systemic infections, is limited and the pathogen shows signs of drug resistance. In an article published in the online edition of the journal PLoS Genetics, a team of investigators, including first author and U of T... (EurekAlert!)
Probiotics primer Mar 18, 2008
The National Institutes of Health Web site has a page on probiotics stating there is encouraging evidence that they may be useful in treating diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, atopic dermatitis, bladder cancer and other diseases. And you re scratching your head wondering just what a probiotic is. (Montana Standard, MT)
Vaccination is an act of love Mar 15, 2008
Robyne Rohde-Oklahoma City wrote on Mar 14, 2008 11:48 AM:" Wow, 16 studies disproving the link between vaccines and autism, doctor? Well, there are about 1/2 million children in this country alone whose parents say otherwise. And probably about 200 studies, papers, etc. proving the causal relationship between vaccines and autism. These families and children aren't going away and until the CDC, NIH lean up their act and the vaccines, no vaccine is safe. Before you spout nonsense such as... (Bismarck Tribune, ND)
New Protein Discovery Helps Researchers Understand Autoimmune Diseases Mar 8, 2008
6, 2007) A new study identifies a connection between allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, and autoimmune. (Jun. (Science Daily)
Formaldehyde exposure over years time may cause problems Mar 7, 2008
According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), which is a part of the Department of Health and Safety, "Low-dose acute exposure can result in headache, rhinitis, and dyspnea; higher doses may cause severe mucous membrane irritation, burning, and lacrimation, and lower respiratory effects such as bronchitis, pulmonary edema, or pneumonia. Sensitive individuals may experience asthma and dermatitis, even at very low doses. Formaldehyde vapors are slightly heavier than... (Sulphur Southwest Daily News, LA)
Senior Moments Mar 6, 2008
Called seborrheic dermatitis, this rash is easily treated with special shampoos, but often requires an office visit to diagnosis. Stasis dermatitis is a skin condition that causes redness, swelling, dark discoloration, tenderness and dry scaly skin. (Missourian Publishing, MO)
Manhattan Pharmaceuticals Successfully Completes Pre-IND Meetings for Altoderm and Altolyn Mar 6, 2008
The company intends to develop Altoderm (topical cromolyn sodium) to treat pruritus (itching) associated with atopic dermatitis, and Altolyn (oral tablet cromolyn sodium) to treat mastocytosis ... Based on a review of the submitted package for Altoderm, including data from the two previously reported Phase 3 clinical studies (conducted in Europe by Thornton & Ross Ltd.), the FDA determined that following completion of certain nonclinical studies and the acceptance of an IND, Phase 2 clinical... (Primezone Releases)
Poison Ivy Home Treatments Mar 5, 2008
The rash (toxicondendron dermatitis) is an allergic response to contact with the oil (urushiol) of the poison ivy plant. Poison ivy plants grow in low grounds and thickets in shrub groupings or in vines. (Suite101.com)
Some Docs Latching Onto Leeches Mar 5, 2008
Dr. Dong-Ha Han nicknamed "doctor leech" for his eight years of research on medical leeches says he can treat patients with vasculitis, skin ulcer, atopic dermatitis, rheumatic arthritis, migraine and gout. His toolbox includes leeches that are starved for six months. (ABC News)
Average NHS wait up under Labour Mar 4, 2008
The figures obtained by the BBC News website, from the NHS Information Centre, show that for some cancers average waiting has increased slightly, while big falls have been seen in more minor conditions such as cataract operations and treatment for dermatitis and eczema. Katherine Murphy, of the Patients Association, said: "These figures make us really question whether patients are getting a better deal. "What concerns me is that patients with serious conditions may be waiting longer than they... (BBC News -- UK)
The Facts About Microdermabrasion Mar 4, 2008
Learning the Basics About This Popular Beauty Treatment. Exploring some of the finer points of microdermabrasion and knowing whether or not it's right for you. (Suite101.com)
Manhattan Pharmaceuticals Announces Closing of Joint Venture With Nordic Biotech Feb 27, 2008
With a pipeline consisting of four clinical stage product candidates, Manhattan Pharmaceuticals is developing potential therapeutics for large, underserved patient populations seeking superior treatments for conditions including pedicultitis (head lice), psoriasis, pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis (eczema), and mastocytosis. () Manhattan Pharmaceuticals announced on February 25, 2008, that it is voluntarily delisting its common stock from the American Stock Exchange. (Primezone Releases)
Manhattan Pharmaceuticals to Voluntarily Withdraw Its American Stock Exchange Common Stock Listing Feb 23, 2008
With a pipeline consisting of four clinical stage product candidates, Manhattan Pharmaceuticals is developing potential therapeutics for large, underserved patient populations seeking superior treatments for conditions including pedicultitis (head lice), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and mastocytosis. (). (Primezone Releases)
JADO Reports Clinical Proof of Concept With Raft Modulator in Atopic Dermatitis Feb 18, 2008
DRESDEN, Germany, February 18 /PRNewswire/ -- JADO Technologies GmbH, the leading developer of RAFT intervention therapeutics, announced today positive results from a Phase IIa clinical trial of its lead RAFT modulator TF002 in patients with severe atopic dermatitis ... This result correlates to significant anti-inflammatory effects and clinically relevant efficacy on atopic dermatitis skin ... "This study demonstrates clinical proof of concept for our lead RAFT modulator product TF002 and... (PR Newswire)
Letters for Wednesday, February 13, 2008 Feb 13, 2008
Cancer, lupus, leukemia, high blood pressure, mental illness, Bell s palsy, dermatitis, only to mention a few. Well, guess what. (Lihue Garden Island, HA)
Mercury In Personal Products Feb 11, 2008
Both the active ingredients, mercury and thiosalicylate, can cause irritation or dermatitis. The dermatitis must be cared for properly ... The dermatitis should not be allowed to spread or to become infected. (Suite101.com)
Education is key to taking control of eczema - February is Eczema Awareness Month Feb 6, 2008
Designated by the Eczema Awareness, Support and Education (EASE(R)) Program - Canada's most comprehensive eczema resource available on the web - in 2003, Eczema Awareness Month serves as an opportunity to focus national attention on eczema (also called atopic dermatitis). The condition causes inflammation deep in the skin and symptoms include dry, itchy skin and a painful red, raw-looking rash. (Canada Newswire)
Go easy on medicated lotions, creams, gels Feb 6, 2008
The last one is similar to topical aspirin, says Matt Zirwas, M.D., director of The Ohio State University Medical Center Contact Dermatitis Center ... An anti-inflammatory topical steroid that shrinks swollen tissue by constricting blood vessels, hydrocortisone is often used to stop the itching caused by chronic skin conditions like eczema and contact dermatitis, and it's also an ingredient in vaginal and hemorrhoidal creams ... "They promote a moist environment for better wound-healing without... (CNN)
American Academy of Dermatology Research Confirms Genetic Skin Barrier Defect Linked to Eczema Feb 4, 2008
Outlook good for better therapeutic options to reduce severity of disease, related food allergies and infections SAN ANTONIO, Feb. 3 /PRNewswire/ -- Atopic dermatitis, one of the most common forms of eczema in this family of various inflammatory skin diseases, is a chronic disease marked by red, cracked and itchy skin. It is estimated that atopic dermatitis affects about 10 percent of children around the world and usually begins in the first year of life ... New studies examining the genetic... (PR Newswire)
Beautiful invaders Feb 3, 2008
Giant hogweed is a public health hazard causing dermatitis and blisters to the skin from exposure to the sap or smoke when burned (sounds like poison oak to me). This weed looks similar to Queen Anne s Lace and cow parsnip but it is much taller. (Corvallis Gazette Times, OR)
Ear Wax Softener Can Affect Hearing, Study Reports Feb 3, 2008
Meanwhile, he said, "the package insert clearly specifies not to use Cerumenex if there is perforated eardrum, middle ear infection, atopic dermatitis or inflammation of the external ear or a previous skin reaction." Cerumenex has been available in Canada since 1958, he added. Instead of using a wax softener, those with a wax problem who do not have a perforated drum may be advised by their doctor to flush the ears with warm water using an ear bulb. (Health-Finder)
Allergic Disease Linked To Irritable Bowel Syndrome Feb 1, 2008
"The reported presence of allergic dermatitis was highly correlated to the presence of IBS in our population," investigators noted. "In atopic disease, allergic dermatitis is the first step of the atopic march. In early childhood, AE (allergic eczema) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction and food allergy. A clinical history of AE may be a useful marker for patients with gut hypersensitivity and atopic IBS.". (Science Daily)
Barrier Therapeutics to Present Scientific Posters At the American Academy of Dermatology 66th Annual Meeting Feb 1, 2008
-- ``Oral vapitadine, a new non-sedating antihistamine, relieves itch associated with atopic dermatitis''; Poster Number: 601; current product candidate referred to as Hivenyl(tm) ... Barrier Therapeutics currently markets three pharmaceutical products in the United States: Xolegel(r) (ketoconazole, USP) Gel, 2%, for seborrheic dermatitis; Vusion(r) (0 ... 35% white petrolatum) Ointment, for diaper dermatitis complicated by documented candidiasis; and Solage(r) (mequinol 2. (Primezone Releases)
NATO, Afghan troops provide medical aid to over 300 patients Jan 31, 2008
Some ailments treated during the two-day operation were gastritis, respiratory problems, climatic pain, dermatitis, cardiac and ocular, said the press release. The troops also distributed humanitarian aid to the affected people, it added. (Xinhuanet, China)
Breast-Feeding Protected Mice from Asthma Jan 30, 2008
In children 4 years of age and younger, the incidence of asthma has risen 160 percent, while the incidence of atopic dermatitis, which includes eczema, has almost tripled. The incidence of peanut allergy has doubled just during the past decade, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. (MEDLINEplus)
Barrier Therapeutics Announces Top Management Succession Plan Jan 26, 2008
The first product is currently marketed as Vusion(r), and it is the only product thus far to be approved by the FDA for diaper dermatitis complicated by candidiasis. The second is Xolegel(r), the first waterless gel product approved by the FDA for treatment of seborrheic dermatitis ... Barrier Therapeutics currently markets three pharmaceutical products in the United States: Xolegel(r) (ketoconazole, USP) Gel, 2%, for seborrheic dermatitis; Vusion(r) (0. (Primezone Releases)
Allergies Linked to IBS Jan 24, 2008
The reported presence of allergic dermatitis was highly correlated to the presence of IBS in our population, investigators noted. In atopic disease, allergic dermatitis is the first step of the atopic march. (Newsmax)
Naples Waste Linked to Death and Disease Jan 18, 2008
Mangiapia blames the waste dump for three cancer deaths in the family, for the melanoma her husband had removed from his leg, and for her four-year-old son's chronic dermatitis. Scientists say it can be difficult to assess the extent to which pollution is to blame for illnesses also provoked by genetic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors. (Planet Ark, United States)
