A haunted hunt: Paranormal group seeks King's spirit Oct 31, 2007
During past investigations, the hunters have captured some interesting readings, especially concerning spikes in electromagnetic fields and sudden drops in temperature. "What causes that? It's the kind of thing that spurs me on," said Tatum. (Columbiana Shelby County Reporter, AL)
EU to postpone and amend legislation on electromagnetic fields Oct 29, 2007
The European Commission on Friday proposed to postpone for four years the deadline for introducing legislation on workers' exposure to electromagnetic fields, which could affect the use of technologies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ... The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection is currently revising its recommendations for occupational limit values for static and low frequency electromagnetic fields, such as MRI. ... The World Health Organization is also... (People's Daily Online)
Planned scan-limit delay welcomed Oct 22, 2007
The directive, which was due to be implemented from 2008, put limits on exposure of operating staff to electromagnetic fields from zero to 300GHz. But the proposals proved controversial among doctors and scientists who feared such limits would block pioneering advances and mean patients, particularly in vulnerable groups such as children and those with cancer, would miss out on the best treatment. (BBC News -- Health)
Wi-Fi, the death of us all You are going to die. Wireless gizmos are... Oct 18, 2007
Wi-Fi, the death of us all / You are going to die. Wireless gizmos are devouring your brain, right now. (San Francisco Chronicle -- Sports)
Improved Security For Smart Tags And Other Electronic Payments Oct 9, 2007
Embedded in these tags are passive systems that respond automatically to electromagnetic fields produced by radio antennas trying to read the tags memory. This technology, while convenient, can be susceptible to breaches in security; for example, credit cards that use RFID technology are vulnerable to thieves who, with the appropriate equipment, can read information from the card without the victim ever taking it out of a pocket. (Science Daily)
Nokia Completes the Enpocket Acquisition Oct 8, 2007
Factors that could cause these differences include, but are not limited to: 1) competitiveness of our product portfolio; 2) our ability to identify key market trends and to respond timely and successfully to the needs of our customers; 3) the extent of the growth of the mobile communications industry, as well as the growth and profitability of the new market segments within that industry which we target; 4) the availability of new products and services by network operators and other market... (PR Newswire)
Vo-ag, FFA back at Faulkton after 40-year absence Oct 8, 2007
The technology is based on the electromagnetic fields surrounding objects, Stratmeyer said. The saw "knows" the difference between wood's electromagnetism and that of any other object. (Sioux City Journal, IO)
Cloud of worry gathers over wireless health risks Sep 24, 2007
"The exposure to electromagnetic fields is rising, and it's widespread," said Jacqueline McGlade, executive director of the European Environmental Agency, a European Union institution ... Wireless-network technology developed too recently to be included in existing major studies of the health impact from exposure to electromagnetic fields from mobile phones, say scientists, who note it is likely to be less harmful because it emits less electromagnetic energy than mobile phones placed directly on... (International Herald Tribune)
Cell Tower Roulette Sep 21, 2007
Along with aesthetic concerns, Koenigsberg questioned the impact on the area of possible health effects from increased electromagnetic fields generated from the cell tower. Some residents worried that their children might be affected. (Orange Bulletin, CT)
Study puts focus on bird deaths by wind turbines Sep 18, 2007
Hopeful wrote on Sep 17, 2007 9:02 PM:" do you suppose we could steer some of the geese that poop all over the docks alks at Dwson lake to fly north??? Guess tha's too much of a good thing to hope for! Haven't heard a farmer say a thing about seeing dead birds and I haven't seen one on the ground nearby either !! Maybe??? the electromagnetic fields are interfering with the bats radar system?? Can I get a $100,000 to do a study on that theory?? ". Just Wondering wrote on Sep 17, 2007 8:47 PM:"... (The Pantagraph newspaper)
Mobiles get all-clear on cancer - for now Sep 14, 2007
They found no association between exposure to mobile phones or base stations and the onset of electrical hypersensitivity, a condition in which some people experience headaches, dizziness and tingling symptoms after exposure to weak electromagnetic fields from computer monitors, televisions and mobile phone base stations and handsets. The author of the report and chairman of the MTHR program, Professor Lawrie Challis, said more research was needed on the safety of communications systems used by... (Sydney Morning Herald -- World)
Mobiles cancer doubt remains Sep 13, 2007
" He said the problem during the study was that there had been very few people using mobile phones for over ten years. Cancers do not normally appear until ten to 15 years after exposure. But he said overall the evidence that mobiles did not pose a significant health risk was "pretty reassuring". The current precautionary approach - involving limited restrictions on mast-siting relating to schools for example and advice about limiting use by young children - is reasonable Dr Evan Harris, of the... (BBC News -- Science)
Magnets Can Boost Production Of Ethanol For Fuel Sep 13, 2007
Article: "Bioreactor Coupled with Electromagnetic Field Generator: Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Ethanol Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae" ACS' Biotechnology Progress, October 5, 2007. Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by American Chemical Society. (Science Daily)
Mobile phones: Some increased risk for long-term users Sep 13, 2007
Both emit radio signals and electromagnetic fields that can penetrate the brain, and campaigners fear this could seriously damage health. Roger Coghill, of Coghill Research Laboratories in South Wales, which specialises in the effects of electromagnetic radiation, said the new report made "selective" choices for research whic 00004000 h ignored growing evidence about brain effects. (This is London)
Mobile industry holds its breath Sep 12, 2007
Both emit radio signals and electromagnetic fields that can penetrate the human brain, and campaigners fear that this could seriously damage human health. The MTHR programme was established following publication of an independent government-commissioned report into the safety of mobile phones in 2000. (BBC News -- UK)
Als get QB McMahon from Argonauts Sep 10, 2007
Looking to add more depth to their quarterback position, the Montreal Alouettes acquired pivot Mike McMahon Sunday from the Toronto Argonauts for a 2008 draft pick. The move comes on the heels of a 32-14 victory by the Alouettes over the B.C. Lions on Sunday. (CBC News)
How about a HDTV with that DSLR? Sep 9, 2007
A new Dutch study of cellphones finds that the electromagnetic fields they generate can disrupt the functioning of critical care equipment. September 7, 2007 | 5:54 PM EDT. (CBC News)
Burris leads Stampeders past Eskimos Sep 9, 2007
The Calgary Stampeders endured a last-minute rally by the Edmonton Eskimos to walk away with a 20-17 victory Friday night at Commonwealth Stadium. The Stampeders (5-4-1), who rolled to a 35-24 victory in the Labour Day classic against Edmonton four days ago in Calgary, win the home-and-home series for the first time since 1998. (CBC News)
The Dogs of the Islets of Langerhans Sep 9, 2007
Essentially, the human body is a complex collection of chemical elements, free electrons, and electromagnetic fields. It requires nutrition, water and clean energy to survive. (Rio Rancho Observer, NM)
Study reveals an ancient gene for lean Sep 8, 2007
Researchers have revealed an antiobesity gene that has apparently been keeping critters lean during times of plenty since ancient times. The gene, first discovered by another team in flies, also keeps worms and mice trim, according to the new report in the September issue of Cell Metabolism, a publication of Cell Press. (SpiritIndia)
1st Kuwaiti woman MP sworn in Sep 8, 2007
A new Dutch study of cellphones finds that the electromagnetic fields they generate can disrupt the functioning of critical care equipment. A new study has found that 13 per cent of women stopped taking estrogen-blocking aromatase inhibitors because of side effects such as joint and muscle pain. (Yahoo News -- Kuwait)
Finland: Mobile phones pose no health risk Sep 5, 2007
HERMO program researchers examined radio frequency electromagnetic fields and how they affect human beings, especially the nervous system and sensory organs. In addition, studies looked for any possible detrimental effects on children and adolescents. (Xinhuanet, China)
Research underlines powerline cancer risk Aug 22, 2007
The Tasmanian study of more than 850 patients adds weight to the link between electromagnetic fields and cancers such as leukaemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma ... The lead researcher, Professor Ray Lowenthal, from the University of Tasmania, said the debate about possible carcinogenic effects of electromagnetic fields had been going for more than 20 years ... "I think we are in a position where we have to say that there is a possibility that exposure to electromagnetic fields increases the... (Sydney Morning Herald -- Australia)
Parent to parent: Web sites make job bit easier Aug 20, 2007
A group of 14 women, all active in the environmental movement, post entries covering such topics as where to buy bedding for allergy-prone children, the danger of unchecked electromagnetic fields in older homes, and tips for getting your kids excited about recycling. The site is a mixture of inspiring (I, too, can wash out our plastic sandwich bags each night, turn them inside out and attach them to the refrigerator for air-drying. (Montana Standard, MT)
Nokia Requests ITC Investigation Into Qualcomm Unfair Trade Practices and Patent Infringement Aug 17, 2007
Nokia will continue to ensure its rights and competitive advantage is protected," Simonson added. Nokia has built one of the strongest and broadest IPR portfolios in the wireless industry over the last 15 years through extensive investments in research and development. Nokia will continue to vigorously defend itself against the infringement and unauthorized use of its intellectual property. **A podcast with Rick Simonson, Nokia Chief Financial officer will be available at About Nokia Nokia is... (PR Newswire)
Were coming after you Aug 11, 2007
Generally, the PED system consists of a transmitter that uses ultra-low frequency electromagnetic fields to send communications from the surface through hundreds of feet of rock and earth. Individual miners carry PED units integrated into the belt-mounted battery packs that they carry underground to power their cap lamps. (Charleston Gazette, WV -- News)
Mobile telephone masts 'do not cause illness' Aug 2, 2007
Given the results of the present epidemiological studies, it can be concluded that electromagnetic fields with frequencies in the mobile telecommunications range do play a role in the development of cancer. This is particularly notable for tumours of the central nervous system. (Nature News Service)
Scores press SCC to reject Dominion plan Aug 1, 2007
He also said the line would produce electromagnetic fields, posing "unacceptable health risks to the general public.". If Northern Virginia indeed needs substantially more electricity, then build a power plant there, Arrington suggested. (The Burke Times, VA)
Study Links Radio Towers to Child Leukemia Risk Jul 31, 2007
The findings, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, add to the conflicting body of research on electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and cancer. EMFs are emitted by a wide variety of sources, like home appliances, cell phones, power lines and radio and TV transmission towers. (MEDLINEplus)
Mobile Phone Masts Do Not Make You Ill Jul 27, 2007
"Does Short-Term Exposure to Mobile Phone Base Station Signals Increase Symptoms in Individuals who Report Sensitivity to Electromagnetic Fields? A Double-Blind Randomised Provocation Study" Stacy Eltiti, Denise Wallace, Anna Ridgewell, Konstantina Zougkou, Riccardo Russo, Francisco Sepulveda, Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal, Paul Rasor, Roger Deeble, and Elaine Fox Environ Health Perspect doi:10. 1289/ehp. (Medical News Today)
Mobile phone masts 'do not damage health' Jul 26, 2007
Some researchers believe around four per cent of the proportion of the population suffers EH, with symptoms including fatigue, headaches, burning sensations and skin problems, because of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Other scientists say there is no evidence. (Telegraph.co.uk)
Research fails to detect short-term harm from mobile phone masts Jul 26, 2007
The study deals another blow to the notion that low-level electromagnetic fields from cellphones or base stations are dangerous. The researchers looked at 2G and 3G phone masts in a lab setting where both the participants and researchers did not know whether the equipment was turned on. (Guardian Unlimited)
Child use of antidepressants up four-fold Jul 24, 2007
" The drug was called thalidomide. Ring any bells Dr Murray? Posted by Addie Nough on July 23, 2007 1:59 PMIt could of course just be that there are not more depressed children, just more diagnoses of depression. Perhaps that wouldn't make such a sensationalist headline. Posted by Connor O Neil on July 23, 2007 1:56 PMIt used to be the illegal drug pushers targeting kids that we used to worry about. Posted by David Walker on July 23, 2007 1:52 PMThere is a common tendency to patch up the... (Telegraph.co.uk)
Ban new homes near power lines, say MPs Jul 19, 2007
They also recommend that home buyers should be provided with information on the level of electromagnetic fields within homes before they buy ... Other epidemiological studies have failed to find a link and as yet no one has come up with a convincing biological mechanism that would explain how electromagnetic fields from power lines could cause cancer. (Guardian Unlimited -- Life)
Lasers, Electrical Stimulation Curb Knee Pain Jul 12, 2007
Treatments included electrical nerve stimulation, electroacupuncture, low-level laser therapy, pulsed electromagnetic fields, manual acupuncture, static magnets, and ultrasound therapies. There was no clinically significant improvement after manual acupuncture, static magnets, and ultrasound therapies, the authors report, and the improvement after pulsed electromagnetic fields was of marginal benefit. (MEDLINEplus)
Japan observes birth of first manta ray born in captivity Jul 9, 2007
giving them a once-over," Schmahl said. Once their cloaks have been cleaned ("manta" shares linguistic roots with the Spanish word for "cloak"), they are off again, their frontal fins pointed characteristically ahead of them, helping to direct plankton-rich water into their gaping maws. For the most part, mantas are friendly giants, known to brush up against divers like snuggling cats. In fact, a manta's brain is about the size of a cat's, and most of it appears to be devoted to sensory... (San Francisco Chronicle)
Saucers in the sky Jul 5, 2007
Sundogs: Refracted image of the sun Space debris: Burning satellites or rocket fragments Meteors: Such as bolides or fireballs Clouds: Lenticular or disc-like Mirages: Hot or cold-air induced images Stars/planets: Such as Venus Planes: Such as experimental aircraft Ball lightning: Unpredictable brilliant spheres Weather balloons: Classic explanation Hallucination: Viewer under stress Mass hysteria: Early explanation Earthlights: Caused by electromagnetic fields in seismic activity areas ... Mr... (BBC News -- UK)
High Anxiety Over Utility Poles Jun 25, 2007
Residents also opted for the highest possible poles to distance themselves from potentially dangerous electromagnetic fields. Bartosewicz said there are only a small number of the 185-foot poles in the entire project, most of them located in Durham. (FOX61, CT)
Speeding Edge to Conduct High-Speed PCB and System Design Classes in Burlingame, California and Toronto, Canada Jun 18, 2007
It begins with the fundamentals of electromagnetic fields and the behavior of transmission lines that are the basis for all high-speed signaling. From there, it examines all of the aspects of high-speed design leading to the development of a robust set of PCB design rules that accounts for power subsystem design, routing rules and design of PCB stack-ups as well as the fabrication rules needed to balance performance against cost and manufacturability. (Canada Newswire)
ABC to study breast cancer at all studios Jun 14, 2007
But the expert panel found that the increase in risk was unlikely to have been caused by exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, ionising radiation or chemicals. "While we have not been able to find a cause for the increase in risk of breast cancer at the ABC Toowong, we believe that we have considered and excluded all plausible environmental explanations for such an increase," the report said. (The Australian)
ABC employees still fear cancer, union says Jun 14, 2007
The panel said it was highly unlikely that the increase was caused by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, ionising radiation or chemicals known or suspected to cause breast cancer. David Waters, Queensland secretary of the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, told ABC Brisbane's Chris O'Brien everyone involved would have preferred a more conclusive outcome. (ABC News Online, Australia -- Health)
ABC to widen breast cancer study Jun 13, 2007
The panel said it was highly unlikely that the increase was caused by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, ionising radiation or chemicals known or suspected to cause breast cancer. "There was also little or no evidence to suggest that the increase in risk could be explained by an underlying high risk of breast cancer in women employed at Toowong due to their sharing of known genetic or lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer," the... (ABC Regional Online)
Cancer And Your Child Jun 12, 2007
- Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (electric cables). - Viruses (e. (Suite101.com)
Breakthrough in wireless power pulls plug on cables Jun 11, 2007
Power cables and plugs may soon become obsolete because scientists have developed a way to wirelessly charge electrical devices from a distance. WiTricity can already power a lightbulb over a distance of 2m (7ft), and its inventors believe that within three to five years the system would be able to charge mobile phones, laptops, MP3 players and other electronic devices. (Times Online)
Pylons 'may be a leukaemia risk' Jun 9, 2007
A spokesman from the Health Protection Agency said the study findings suggested that at least some of the increased leukaemia risk might be associated with factors other than electromagnetic fields. Dr David Grant, of Leukaemia Research, said: "We recognise there is a lot of public anxiety and concern about living close to pylons and exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields. "There is no reason why anyone should be advised to move house on the basis of these new results. (BBC News)
Electro-nirvana? Not so fast Jun 9, 2007
" So what do you think? Feel free to chime in on our or in the comments section below. Comments To say that the coupled magnetic resonance being used does not affect biological tissue is wrong in general and unsupported at the specific frequencies. I've used Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in research. This used a pulsed magnetic field to induce current into brain circuits, overloading them and effectively shutting them down. Magnetic fields have the ability to penetrate the tissues between... (MSNBC)
Electricity without wires Jun 9, 2007
The American inventor Nikola Tesla first drew up plans for wireless electricity transfer a century ago, using huge coils to generate electromagnetic fields but only managed a low level of power transfer. The new approach involves two coils joined by an invisible resonating magnetic field. (ITV.com)
Scientists create remote power for gadgets Jun 8, 2007
The concept behind WiTricity, as it has been named by the scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who developed it, is not new: the inventor Nikola Tesla conducted experiments more than a century ago showing that he could use electromagnetic fields to transmit small amounts of power - but his technique was inefficient and most of the power he tried to transmit leaked away. The MIT approach relied on coils of wire linked by a resonating magnetic field. (Guardian Unlimited -- UK)
Some Cancers Linked To Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, Study Suggests May 28, 2007
Some cancers seem to be linked to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, suggests research published ahead of print in Occupational and Environmental Medicine. The findings are based on more than 20,000 Swiss railway workers, who were monitored for 30 years. (Science Daily)
Hundreds offer ideas for helping lost whales May 27, 2007
Some feel the electromagnetic fields generated by tugboats could prove irresistible ... "But on tugs, the diesel engines drive generators that in turn run the special motors that give tugs their great maneuverability. And those generators produce large electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetism is a low-frequency phenomenon, and that could be what affected the whales. The rescue team should consider using tugs as part of their strategy.". (San Francisco Chronicle)
Ask Realty Times May 25, 2007
Answer: A 1998 by James A. Bryant and Donald E. Epley looked at the matter of home values and electromagnetic fields ... Bryant and Epley offer an astonishing observation: Even though factual evidence is missing, a court case -- Criscuola v. Power Authority of State of New York, 1993 -- shows that the "perception of a health risk from electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has been the basis of a diminution of residential property value and compensable damages. This case reaffirmed the trend in eleven... (RealtyTimes)
Electromagnetic fields linked to cancers in railway workers May 25, 2007
The researchers say that while passengers are in no danger, care should be taken to limit the exposure among train drivers and others working near electromagnetic fields. Reporting for Insidermedicine, I m Dr. Petra Joller. (Insider Medicine)
Grandview Hills on track for construction May 10, 2007
Weston measured electromagnetic fields near power lines that cross the property and determined they would not be a problem. here are no definitive standards, but there are six states with standards and all our readings were below their limits, she said. (Cedar Park Hill Country News Weekender, TX)
They're Settling Down To (Para) Normalcy May 4, 2007
EMF detectors pick up fluctuations of the surrounding ambient electromagnetic fields. It is thought that when there is a spirit or entity, an EMF detector will register its presence. (County-Wide News, Inc., OK)
Health Highlights: May 2, 2007 May 3, 2007
No Rise in Cancer Risk From Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Electricity workers don't face an increased cancer threat from low-frequency electromagnetic fields, says a Danish study that looked at the health and employment records of 28,000 electricity supply company workers dating back to 1968 ... The researchers compared cancer rates among the workers to rates in the general population and concluded that exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields did not increase the risk of brain... (Forbes)
Energy From Power Lines Does Not Cause Cancer May 2, 2007
May 1, 2007 (Insidermedicine) Electromagnetic fields do not cause cancer, according to research published in Occupational and Environmental M edicine. Electromagnetic fields can be found near high voltage power lines and electrical appliances like microwave ovens, computer monitors, fans, and cell phones ... It is though that electromagnetic fields exert forces on the body s cells, causing damage and perhaps leading to cancer. (Insider Medicine)
Electromagnetic Fields Are Not Increasing Cancer Risk Among Energy Workers Overall, Study Suggests May 2, 2007
Electromagnetic fields do not pose a health hazard to workers in the electrical energy supply industry, suggests a large study of 28,000 people, published ahead of print in Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields of 50 to 60 Hz has been implicated in an increased risk of leukemia, brain and breast cancers ... Women exposed to medium frequency electromagnetic fields were more likely to develop brain cancer than women with background frequency... (Science Daily)
Electric Fields May Not Cause Cancer May 2, 2007
(WebMD) Electromagnetic fields may not increase cancer risk, a Danish study shows ... Johansen's team noted whether the workers had normal, medium, or high levels of on-the-job exposure to electromagnetic fields ... The researchers found "no compelling evidence" of links between cancer and the workers' exposure to electromagnetic fields. (CBS News)
Growing evidence of power line dangers Apr 30, 2007
In 2002 a report from the California Department of Health Services concluded there was a possible connection between exposure to electromagnetic fields and higher risk of childhood leukaemia, adult brain cancer, motor neurone disease and miscarriage ... The results were interpreted as meaning that one in 20 pregnant women exposed to strong electromagnetic fields could be at risk of miscarriage. (Daily Mail)
Experts clash on powerline safety Apr 29, 2007
Opinion is divided over whether electromagnetic fields from powerlines pose a health risk ... The panel's report discusses a number of options the government might consider to reduce public exposure to electromagnetic fields ... " A spokesman said the balance of scientific evidence suggested that electromagnetic fields were not a health risk, but added "as a responsible industry we have always taken account of current medical and scientific thinking. (BBC News -- Science)
They Want To Know: Whooooooo's Playing At Music Unlimited? Apr 27, 2007
To record and interpret data from an investigation, COPS members use a computer system, digital voice recorders, analog voice recorders, digital cameras, EMF detectors (gauges energy from electromagnetic fields), walkie-talkies, camcorders, handy cams, night filming illuminators, and he number one tool in any investigator's bag flashlights. In the last eight months, this equipment has documented paranormal activity at a short list of the more than twenty total COPS investigation sites. (County-Wide News, Inc., OK)
Power lines in new link to childhood leukaemia Apr 23, 2007
The draft paper urges ministers to consider banning the building of homes and schools close to overhead high voltage power cables to reduce significantly exposure to electromagnetic fields from the electricity grid ... But others have backed a California Department of Health Services paper in 2002 which suggested electromagnetic fields are "possibly carcinogenic" in terms of childhood leukaemia ... The panel also recommends that the Health Protection Agency should issue more information about... (Telegraph.co.uk)
Wireless: Case of the disappearing bees creates a buzz about cellphones Apr 22, 2007
Good story for sure, except that the study in question had nothing to do with mobile phones and was actually investigating the influence of electromagnetic fields, especially those used by cordless phones that work on fixed-line networks, on the learning ability of bees. The small study, according to the researchers who carried it out too small for the results to be considered significant, found that the electromagnetic fields similar to those used by cordless phones may interrupt the innate... (International Herald Tribune -- Technology)
Report links high-voltage power lines to cancer Apr 22, 2007
It says a ban is the best way to reduce significantly exposure to electromagnetic fields from the electricity grid system. The report was drawn up by scientists, electricity company bosses, the National Grid, government officials and campaigners over two years after the Health Protection Agency accepted there was a weak statistical "association" between prolonged exposure to power fields and childhood leukaemia. (Gulf News)
Physicists bid farewell to reality? Apr 19, 2007
But whereas in Bell's test these quantities are derived from the so-called 'linear' polarization of the photons crudely, whether their electromagnetic fields oscillate in one direction or the other Zeilinger's experiment looks at a different sort of polarization, called elliptical polarization. Like Bell's, Zeilinger's equality proved false. (Nature News Service)